Geopolitical risk is the kind of risk related to events such as wars, terrorist acts, and political tension that affects normal and peaceful international relating processes. Commodity markets have become increasingly “financialized”. In that case, geopolitical risk is bound to have a major impact on spillovers between commodity markets. ...Geopolitics x Economics. Business executives and investors make decisions in a world rife with geopolitical risks. Taking the form of populism or protectionism, collective backlashes against globalization are becoming increasingly prevalent—unsettling G7 economies such as the UK, France and Italy, as well as emerging economies, such as Brazil and India.Dec 12, 2023 · The annual Geostrategic Outlook presents analysis by the EY Geostrategic Business Group (GBG) on the global political risk environment in the year ahead. To select the top 10 geopolitical developments in the 2024 Geostrategic Outlook, the GBG first conducted a crowdsourced horizon scanning exercise to identify potential political risks. The article identifies and analyzes the most likely and impactful geopolitical risks in 2024, such as Russia-NATO tensions, cyber attacks, US-China relations and climate change. It also discusses the implications of these risks for global trade, finance and security. Geopolitical supply chain risks are typically disruptive, global political events that occur in areas impacting a company's suppliers. One example of a geopolitical event is a countries conflict, such as the U.S. and China tariffs. The U.S. government has committed to limiting trade with China in pursuit of creating its own manufacturing presence.18 Jan 2023 ... 2023 Top Geopolitical Risks · Global Economic Slowdown · Continued Supply Chain Challenges · US Presidential Election Ramp Up · Ukraine/...Mar 12, 2024 · Through a partnership with the world’s leading think tanks, development of global and regional risks reports, and ongoing analysis and dialogue, the Forum is working to provide insight that can assist stakeholders in improving the state of the world. The Forum’s work on Global Risks and Geopolitics builds understanding of the fast-changing ... Abstract. We examine the impact of geopolitical risk (GPR) on firm value, focusing on non-financial firms from 14 emerging market countries. The evidence shows that heightening GPR is associated with reducing firm value. The country-specific idiosyncratic GPR, representing local geopolitical shocks, is the primary driver of the negative impact ...Mar 2, 2023 · The web page shares insights from three global companies on how they navigate and manage geopolitical risks in 2023, such as the Russia–Ukraine conflict, China–US relations, and COVID-19. It also discusses the importance of government affairs, disinformation, and information in a multipolar world. 18 Aug 2023 ... War and the threat of war are the primary geopolitical developments that can upset markets. War is hard to predict. An errant missile or ... Geopolitical risk is the number one global corporate risk. Internationally it poses increasing management challenges, particularly at board level. Increased volatility in previously stable regions and the uncertainties that follow political change are key geopolitical drivers of familiar and emerging risks. Issues like climate change, digital disruption, and migration will act as threat multipliers in 2020, but a number of country specific threats will complicate ...The annual Geostrategic Outlook presents analysis by the EY Geostrategic Business Group (GBG) on the global political risk environment in the year ahead. To select the top 10 geopolitical developments in the 2024 Geostrategic Outlook, the GBG first conducted a crowdsourced horizon scanning exercise to identify potential political risks.Partnering with RANE a leader in geopolitical risk intelligence and expert network firm, Florida Atlantic University’s Certificate in Geopolitical Analysis will provide business professionals with an understanding of Geopolitics to better identify and plan for global risk versus opportunity in the business cycle. Format: Tues./Wed./Thurs.getty. Geopolitical risk is back and rapidly re-shaping the global business environment. Artificially suppressed during the period of super-empowered central banks and historically regarded by ...Investors' Guide to Geopolitical Risk. February 12, 2023 Jeffrey Kleintop. Examination of recent geopolitical tensions and their potential impact on investors provides perspective on these developments, even if the risk is measured at "average." Lately, news stories have been filled with geopolitical developments, including Chinese balloons ...The Geopolitical Risk Index, developed by the U.S. Federal Reserve, is at its highest point since the invasion of Iraq in 2003. Over the past decade, we’ve been slowly moving away from a unipolar world where the United States dominated economic, diplomatic, military and geopolitical spheres to one of diffused power with China playing the ...Geopolitical risk (GPR) tends to cascade from one country to another. Understanding GPR transmission is important to devising risk management strategies for institutional investors and corporate managers, and national security policies for governments. In this paper, we measure and explain cross-country transmission of GPR. …Jan 29, 2024 · Geopolitical risk (GPR) is the potential for crises like wars, terrorist attacks, and conflicts that can impact international relations between countries significantly. It includes the likelihood of these risks occurring and the additional risks resulting from the intensification of current events. Geopolitics x Economics. Business executives and investors make decisions in a world rife with geopolitical risks. Taking the form of populism or protectionism, collective backlashes against globalization are becoming increasingly prevalent—unsettling G7 economies such as the UK, France and Italy, as well as emerging economies, such as Brazil and India.Our control variable of interest is the Geopolitical Risk (GPR) index by Caldara and Iacoviello (2022).The index is based on text searches on the electronic archives of 10 leading newspapers 4 counting the “share of articles discussing adverse geopolitical events and associated threats” (Caldara & Iacoviello, 2022, p. 1197) and measures “real … The geopolit-. ical risk (GPR) index spikes around the Gulf War, after 9/11, during the 2003 Iraq invasion, during the 2014 Russia-Ukraine crisis, and after the Paris terrorist attacks. High geopolitical. risk leads to a decline in real activity, lower stock returns, and movements in capital ows away. In the past year, geopolitical risk roared back to the centre of world affairs, upending supply chains and disrupting major industries ranging from energy to food commodities. New technologies are also evolving quickly, and with these come new vulnerabilities, which attackers – some of whom have strong geopolitical motives – are …This second volume focuses on geopolitical risks that are intertwined with constitutional political economy and labor issues, alongside addressing some of the financial and constitutional crises that occurred in Europe, Asia and the U.S. during 2007-2020. This book provides analysis of complex systems and the preferences and reasoning of state ...19 Jan 2024 ... Yahoo Finance's Julie Hyman and Brian Sozzi interview top business leaders at the World Economic Forum's annual meeting in Davos about ...In our view, key geopolitical risks to watch in 2024 include tensions between Russia and NATO, cyberattacks, strategic competition between the US and China, considering anti-/deglobalization, climate risk, …This paper provides evidence on the dynamic spillover among geopolitical risk, climate risk, and energy markets from an international perspective.Based on data from 13 countries between December 2002 and February 2022, we firstly confirm an overall connectedness among energy future prices, i.e., crude oil, heating oil and natural gas, …(April 2022) - We present a news-based measure of adverse geopolitical events and associated risks. The geopolitical risk (GPR) index spikes around the two world …Abstract. Examining nineteen emerging economies from 1990 to 2018, we identify a positive effect of geopolitical risk on mergers and acquisition (M&A) deal frequency, driven mainly by an increase in domestic M&A. However, we find a negative effect of geopolitical risk on the M&A deal size, highlighting the deadweight cost created by …Commodities Oil rises as heightened geopolitical risks exacerbate supply concerns. Oil prices rose in early Asian trading on Monday on concerns over tighter …Source: Bloomberg. Data to November 2023. Geopolitical risks abound. Geopolitical risk always lurks in the background. However, risks appear particularly high at present, with numerous conflicts having the potential to escalate, tensions between major powers high and potential watershed elections scheduled for 2024.Gold and silver can be profitable investments. They are particularly favored during times of high inflation or when there is a fair amount of geopolitical turmoil. Gold and silver ...Online Appendix: Measuring Geopolitical Risk AAppendix on: Construction of the Geopolitical Risk Indexes A.1Selection of the Words Entering the Index As discussed in the main text, we use standard textual analysis techniques to inform the construction and organization of the dictionary of geopolitical terms used in the search query. Here we …AVAILABLE NOW Strategic Outlook 2024 The definitive global security and geopolitical risks forecast Access our headline global assessment for 2024 today, along with 500+ forecasts and the top five risk drivers for every region chevron_right Access Strategic Outlook 2024 ABOUT Dragonfly Geopolitical and security intelligence for the world’s …Increased risk of Chinese retaliation. India’s geopolitical rise has also increased the chance of an escalation with China by directly putting its interests at risk. For instance, Japan’s expanded partnership and alignment with India has focused on building resilience against Chinese presence in the East and South China Sea.11 Jan 2023 ... Geopolitics is no longer mere 'cocktail party' talk for risk advisers, as war in Ukraine and trade tensions with China drag on.28 Dec 2022 ... The best example of a textual measure of geopolitical risk is the GPR Index, which is constructed by calculating the portion of articles that ...The Volatility and Risk Institute has embarked on a study of geopolitical risk and its relation to financial risks. This research seeks to understand the sources and consequences of geopolitical risks. The output of this study has implications for portfolio construction and risk management as well as sensible business and governmental …18 Aug 2023 ... War and the threat of war are the primary geopolitical developments that can upset markets. War is hard to predict. An errant missile or ...The Lazard Geopolitical Advisory team brings some of the world’s most experienced geopolitical minds together with Lazard’s unmatched business expertise. We offer corporate leaders and boards bespoke analysis providing strategic insights in an evolving geopolitical environment, as they navigate potential risks and opportunities impacting ...The confluence of geopolitical risk and ESG issues. Derek Leatherdale, Managing Director of GRI Strategies, discusses the recently released joint Risk Coalition / GRI Strategies principles-based guidance for Geopolitical risk oversight and its integration with ESG issues for boards, risk committees and risk functions. Read moreGeopolitical risk is the number one global corporate risk. Internationally it poses increasing management challenges, particularly at board level. Increased volatility in previously stable regions and the uncertainties that follow political change are key geopolitical drivers of familiar and emerging risks. Challenges are being created by ... The geopolitical risk (GPR) index spikes around the two world wars, at the beginning of the Korean War, during the Cuban Missile Crisis, and after 9/11. Higher geopolitical risk foreshadows lower investment and employment and is associated with higher disaster probability and larger downside risks. Oct 23, 2023 · 2:01. The “strategic competition” between the US and China remains the top geopolitical risk facing markets worldwide, according to BlackRock Inc., which described the recent thaw in the ... The results show that, on the whole, geopolitical risks can significantly inhibit the inflow of foreign direct investment and hinder the development of domestic economy. The market size, natural ...Top Geopolitical Risks for 2022. Below is a flurry of thoughts about the year ahead from a geopolitical risk vantage point. It’s a casual read best skimmed over the first sip or two of coffee before your brain is fully engaged. It’s not a short read at 5k words (16.7 mins for the average reader…), but hopefully has a thing or two you ...Top Geopolitical Risks of 2023 S&P Global. The world is changing. Geopolitical fragmentation is being fueled by COVID-19, the war in Ukraine, U.S.-China relations and more. Here, we outline 2023’s top geopolitical risks. Geopolitical Risk. Look Forward: Funding the Future.Based on microdata of Chinese A-share listed companies, we find that (1) geopolitical risk significantly increases corporate risk-taking at both micro and macro levels; (2) horizontal diversification can significantly smooth out the impact of geopolitical risk on a firm's risk-taking, while vertical diversification will exacerbate the effect ...Geopolitical risks can influence environmental and economic indicators in such a way that societies are likely to lose their welfare gains. The ongoing efforts to achieve sustainability largely require addressing the challenges related to the geopolitical crisis (Ladislaw et al. 2014; Al-Nuaimi et al. 2019).In the contemporary world, the global …Inaction on geopolitical risks. Despite the growing focus on political and geopolitical uncertainties, most respondents report that their organizations haven’t done much to tackle these risks. Compared with 2013, a greater share now say it is very or extremely important for their organizations to understand these risks.International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) has. become the world’s ‘most authoritative,’ quant-. driven geopolitical risk rating and forecasting. series. Now covering 141 developed, emerging, frontier countries and offshore …Geopolitical risk is the number one global corporate risk. Internationally it poses increasing management challenges, particularly at board level. Increased volatility in previously stable regions and the uncertainties that follow political change are key geopolitical drivers of familiar and emerging risks. Challenges are being created by ...Samoa is not located on a continent but rather is part of a geopolitical region known as Oceania. Oceania encompasses Australia, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand and thousands of isla...In other words, equity markets priced in a negative geopolitical risk premium. Stock prices in countries in the vicinity of the war, in particular stock prices in Europe, were hit much harder than those in parts of the world that are more distant from the invasion (Chart 1). Most European equity markets have subsequently recovered.Using a news-based index of geopolitical risk (GPR), we document a strong negative relationship between firm-level corporate investment and GPR. When the GPR index doubles, next-quarter investment declines by 14% of its sample mean. The effect is more pronounced for firms with more irreversible investment or higher market power, …Measuring Geopolitical Risk by Dario Caldara and Matteo Iacoviello. Published in volume 112, issue 4, pages 1194-1225 of American Economic Review, April 2022, Abstract: We present a news-based measure of adverse geopolitical events and associated risks. The geopolitical risk (GPR) index spikes aroun...International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) has. become the world’s ‘most authoritative,’ quant-. driven geopolitical risk rating and forecasting. series. Now covering 141 developed, emerging, frontier countries and offshore …The annual Geostrategic Outlook presents analysis by the EY Geostrategic Business Group (GBG) on the global political risk environment in the year ahead. To select the top 10 geopolitical developments in the 2024 Geostrategic Outlook, the GBG first conducted a crowdsourced horizon scanning exercise to identify potential political risks.Political risk is a type of risk faced by investors, corporations, and governments that political decisions, events, or conditions will significantly affect the profitability of a business actor or the expected value of a given economic action. Political risk can be understood and managed with reasoned foresight and investment. The term political risk has had …Commodities Oil rises as heightened geopolitical risks exacerbate supply concerns. Oil prices rose in early Asian trading on Monday on concerns over tighter …What Is Geopolitical Risk? Geopolitical Risks (GPRs) refer to risks arising out of potential conflicts between countries due to a nation’s involvement in international affairs. It may be geographical, political, social, economic, or military. These conflicts can leave serious impact on business relations between countries and global companies. A key risk indicator (KRI) is a metric for measuring the likelihood that the combined probability of an event and its consequences will exceed the organization's risk appetite and have a profoundly negative impact on an organization's ability to be successful. Key risk indicators play an important role in enterprise risk management programs. Geopolitical risks 'threats' (GPT) measure is critical in constraining the supplies of these essential minerals in the international market. Furthermore, the GPT impedes the investments provided by local and multinational companies (MNCs) in renewable energy (RE) projects. Thus, GPT adversely affects mineral import-augmented …The world faces a set of risks that feel both wholly new and eerily familiar. The Global Risks Report 2023 explores some of the most severe risks we may face over the next decade.As we stand on the edge of a low-growth and low-cooperation era, tougher trade-offs risk eroding climate action, human development and future resilience.Jun 29, 2021 · What is geopolitical risk? Geopolitical risk is the influence of geopolitical factors––such as election outcomes across the world, military actions, or trade agreements––on market behavior. If you frequently travel between the United States and Canada or conduct business transactions in both countries, you are likely familiar with the need to convert currencies. Curre...the impact of geopolitical risks on the economy and on financial markets in general. Caldara and Iacoviello (2019) found that moderate increases in geopolitical risks tend to have a negligible impact, but for a two-standard-deviation spike in the GPR index, they noted that company fixed investments decline by 1.8% over the subsequent 12 months.Central Forms Repository (CFR) · Mitigating Economic and Geopolitical Risk Checklist for Ontario Research Fund Applications · Ministry of Colleges and ...Geopolitical risks 'threats' (GPT) measure is critical in constraining the supplies of these essential minerals in the international market. Furthermore, the GPT impedes the investments provided by local and multinational companies (MNCs) in renewable energy (RE) projects. Thus, GPT adversely affects mineral import-augmented …7 Feb 2023 ... Breaking Down Geopolitical Risk. Geopolitical risk has a strong correlation with GDP per capita, meaning that developing economies typically ...Geopolitical Risk Analyzing political and policy impact on market outcomes, business and operating environments. Teneo’s team analyzes how political decision-making and events are drivers of market outcomes and determinants of business and operating environments, and advise business leaders and decision-makers on how to manage or …Geopolitical Risk (GPR) index, obtained from Caldara and Iacoviello [5], which is the result of war, terrorist attacks, and interstate conflicts that interrupt the routine of national strategies and international dealings. The GPR index dataset was obtained from Iacoviello's website [9].-Tensions between Taiwan and China have escalated throughout much of 2020 and 2021, but this isn’t the first time their enduring geopolitical controversy has appeared in news headli... Geopolitical risk is the risk associated with tensions or actions between actors (state and non-state) that affect the normal and peaceful course of international relations. Geopolitical risk tends to rise when the geographic and political factors underpinning country relations shift. There are three basic types of geopolitical risk: event risk, geopolitical翻译：地缘政治的，地缘政治学的。了解更多。 The Volatility and Risk Institute has embarked on a study of geopolitical risk and its relation to financial risks. This research seeks to understand the sources and consequences of geopolitical risks. The output of this study has implications for portfolio construction and risk management as well as sensible business and governmental …getty. Geopolitical risk is back and rapidly re-shaping the global business environment. Artificially suppressed during the period of super-empowered central banks and historically regarded by ...Oil prices edged up about 1% on Wednesday on a bigger-than-expected U.S. crude storage withdrawal, a slump in U.S. crude output, Chinese economic stimulus, geopolitical tensions and a weaker dollar. 3 A 2016 survey of 1,409 GVC professionals puts geopolitical risk 12th out of 13 risks (O’Marah 2017). 4or a more detailed analysis of geopolitical risks, see Solingen and Inomata (2021) and Solingen (2021).F 5 Baldwin (2020) defines economic statecraft as the use of economic means to pursue foreign policy objectives— The results show that, on the whole, geopolitical risks can significantly inhibit the inflow of foreign direct investment and hinder the development of domestic economy. The market size, natural ...What Is Geopolitical Risk? Geopolitical Risks (GPRs) refer to risks arising out of potential conflicts between countries due to a nation’s involvement in international affairs. It may be geographical, political, social, economic, or military. These conflicts can leave serious impact on business relations between countries and global companies.Geopolitical risk is the potential for political, socioeconomic and cultural factors to harm companies, which makes assessing them important to help ...In a fast-fragmenting world, geopolitical risk has vaulted to the top of the CEO agenda. Here’s what today’s fraught global dynamics mean for leader.Nov 3, 2023 · Using a news-based index of geopolitical risk (GPR), we document a strong negative relationship between firm-level corporate investment and GPR. When the GPR index doubles, next-quarter investment declines by 14% of its sample mean. (April 2022) - We present a news-based measure of adverse geopolitical events and associated risks. The geopolitical risk (GPR) index spikes around the two world …Geopolitical risk has risen sharply in recent years, increasingly affecting businesses in a wide range of ways. Whether in the global economic consequences of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, increasing tension in the US – China relationship, or a host of other geopolitical issues across other continents, the influence of geopolitics on the global economy is …Third, asset pricing tests confirm that global political risk is priced, and that augmenting the global market factor with the P-factor drives all alphas to zero and improves cross sectional adjusted R 2 by an order of magnitude. This is illustrated in Fig. 1 where we display the average pricing errors for the benchmark asset pricing models, and the two … Measuring Geopolitical Risk A more recent approach to measuring the impact of geopolitical risks on the fair value of financial assets was undertaken by Caldara and Iacoviello (2019). They constructed a dedicated Geopolitical Risk (GPR) index by looking for words associated with wars, civil wars, and terrorism in 11 newspapers in the Geopolitical risks can influence environmental and economic indicators in such a way that societies are likely to lose their welfare gains. The ongoing efforts to achieve sustainability largely require addressing the challenges related to the geopolitical crisis (Ladislaw et al. 2014; Al-Nuaimi et al. 2019).In the contemporary world, the global …The geopolitical risk index by Caldara and Iacoviello (2018) allows the inclusion of a wider range of geopolitical events than used in prior studies. The authors define geopolitical risk as the risk associated with wars, terrorist acts, and tensions between states that affect the normal and peaceful course of international relations.InvestorPlace - Stock Market News, Stock Advice & Trading Tips Under normal circumstances involving geopolitical tensions between the U.S. and... 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The Russia-Ukraine crisis has resulted in tragic losses of life, the displacement of hundreds of thousands of people, and political and economic disruptions on .... Chrome home page
This paper provides evidence on the dynamic spillover among geopolitical risk, climate risk, and energy markets from an international perspective.Based on data from 13 countries between December 2002 and February 2022, we firstly confirm an overall connectedness among energy future prices, i.e., crude oil, heating oil and natural gas, …Sep 1, 2023 · We examine the impact of geopolitical risk (GPR) on firm value, focusing on non-financial firms from 14 emerging market countries. The evidence shows that heightening GPR is associated with reducing firm value. The country-specific idiosyncratic GPR, representing local geopolitical shocks, is the primary driver of the negative impact on firm ... Geopolitical risks are defined as the potential political, economic, military, and social risks that can emerge from a nation’s involvement in international affairs. Typically, they emerge whenever there is a major shift in power, a conflict, or a crisis. These risks can have far-reaching implications for both the country itself and the ... Higher geopolitical risk is associated with lower stock liquidity. Largest decrease in stock liquidity is in correspondence of stocks traded in less liquid markets. In this paper, we examine the relationship between geopolitical risk and stock liquidity. Using an international sample of publicly listed firms, we find that higher geopolitical ...International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) has. become the world’s ‘most authoritative,’ quant-. driven geopolitical risk rating and forecasting. series. Now covering 141 developed, emerging, frontier countries and offshore …16 Jan 2024 ... Even if big economies led by the US are heading for a “soft landing” in the wake of brutal interest rate increases, that story is being drowned ...Geopolitical risk is the potential for political, socioeconomic and cultural factors to harm companies, which makes assessing them important to help ...With the world focusing its attention on major blue chips amid the crisis, it may be time to consider small-cap stocks to buy. Being on the downlow is a good thing, especially with...The construction of the geopolitical risk (GPR) index involves three main steps: de nition, measure-ment, and audit. In this section, we. rst describe the de nition of geopolitics and geopolitical risk. 6 Several papers have looked at the theoretical channels by which terrorism and war may a ect economic activity.30 Mar 2021 ... Turning Geopolitical Risk into Strategic Advantage · The most successful opportunists carefully monitor any situation that appears to be a ...With the world focusing its attention on major blue chips amid the crisis, it may be time to consider small-cap stocks to buy. Being on the downlow is a good thing, especially with...Thanks to geopolitical tensions surrounding Russia's war in Ukraine, there will soon be a new world's longest flight — sort of. Thanks to geopolitical tensions surrounding Russia's...The geopolitical risk index by Caldara and Iacoviello (2018) allows the inclusion of a wider range of geopolitical events than used in prior studies. The authors define geopolitical risk as the risk associated with wars, terrorist acts, and tensions between states that affect the normal and peaceful course of international relations.May 1, 2023 · Geopolitical risk has recently caught the attention of researchers from many fields (Caldara and Iacoviello, 2022).Geopolitical risk is “the threat awareness and boosting of negative events related to battles, terrorism and any type of stress amongst countries and political stars that influence the serene course of worldwide relations.” Practically develop and enhance, step by step, your strategic foresight and early warning analytical skills to handle complex geopolitical risk, national and global security and political issues. Master these skills in a way that can be used with and by most strategic foresight and warning, risk management and anticipatory methodologies.Geopolitical volatility has become a key driver of uncertainty, and will remain one over the next few years. The three risks with geopolitical consequences and interconnections examined in this study—protectionism, energy crisis, and water and food scarcities—are growing. While the threat of growing protectionism is a daily feature in the ...Geopolitical Risk is the potential for political, socioeconomic and cultural factors (events, trends, developments) to affect businesses’ vitality (stability, health/well-being). Taking the above conceptual definition of geopolitics combined with the practical role of risk in business, it’s easy to see how the need for geopolitical risk arose. The Volatility and Risk Institute has embarked on a study of geopolitical risk and its relation to financial risks. This research seeks to understand the sources and consequences of geopolitical risks. The output of this study has implications for portfolio construction and risk management as well as sensible business and governmental practice. The Risk Coalition’s benchmarking tool, GABI-GEO, operates in the same way as our broader Gap Analysis and Benchmarking Insights (GABI-PRIME) tool, but is designed for standalone use with specialised assessment criteria that offer practical suggestions on how organisations can improve internal approaches to geopolitical and related ESG risk ...The International Country Risk Guide (ICRG) is cited as ‘the most authoritative,’ ‘forward-looking,’ and ‘market-tested’ geopolitical-risk series globally. The ICRG offers a 45+ year data series comprising some 200 individual geopolitical risk metrics adjusted daily and updated monthly for 141 developed, emerging, and frontier ...Online Appendix: Measuring Geopolitical Risk AAppendix on: Construction of the Geopolitical Risk Indexes A.1Selection of the Words Entering the Index As discussed in the main text, we use standard textual analysis techniques to inform the construction and organization of the dictionary of geopolitical terms used in the search query. Here we ….