World Monuments Fund is the leading independent organization devoted to saving the world’s treasured places. For more than 50 years, working in over 100 countries, its highly skilled experts have applied proven and effective techniques to the preservation of important architectural and cultural heritage sites around the globe. WMF’s ... Established in 1993, WMF Portugal serves as a local representative for WMF, assisting with project management and outreach. The Tower of Belém, one of WMF's most emblematic projects and a Portuguese national symbol, provided the impetus for the establishment of WMF Portugal in 1993. The importance of the site as a cultural icon made it an ... The 2010 World Monuments Fund/Knoll Modernism Prize was awarded to Bierman Henket Architecten and Wessel de Jonge Architecten for their exemplary restoration of the Zonnestraal Sanatorium (designed 1926-28; completed 1931), a little-known but iconic modern structure in Hilversum, the Netherlands. Explore. World Monuments Fund (WMF) first established itself in France in 1989 and since then has undertaken more than 30 projects at 21 sites, directly or via the intermediary World Monuments Fund France, which closed in 2017 for a strategic reorganization. Since 1989, WMF has invested more than $19 million in heritage projects in France. World Monuments Fund, active at the archaeological site since 2009 with the Future of Babylon project, intervened to address the Lion’s presentation and protection. In the process of installing a new perimeter around the statue, the WMF team discovered dangerous fractures in the 12-ton Lion’s brick and concrete base which threatened to ... World Monuments Fund’s goal in Cambodia from the time of its first mission to Angkor in 1989 has been to devise appropriate techniques for conserving and presenting its monumental remains while simultaneously helping train a new generation of professionals and skilled workers. Detailed planning and conservation began at Preah Khan in 1991 ... Getting a master’s degree can be a life-changing experience, but the cost of tuition often stands as a major barrier for many aspiring students. The Fulbright Scholarship Program i...Preserving this heritage has—from the beginning—been the overriding mission of World Monuments Fund, as we work with local partners around the globe to provide financial …World Monuments Fund, active at the archaeological site since 2009 with the Future of Babylon project, intervened to address the Lion’s presentation and protection. In the process of installing a new perimeter around the statue, the WMF team discovered dangerous fractures in the 12-ton Lion’s brick and concrete base which threatened to ...June 25, 2021. Our beloved colleague and Regional Director for North America, Frank Sanchis, is retiring this month after more than five decades of service in the preservation field. His time at World Monuments Fund (WMF) bookends an incredible career that charts the trajectory of preservation as it became a formalized profession in the 1960s ...When it was built in the seventeenth century, Slonim was one of the region’s great synagogues, a monument to the thriving Jewish community in the area, and representative of rich, local cultural and aesthetic traditions. The synagogue is, to some, a grim reminder of a tragic history. Yet, Slonim remains one of the country’s great sacred ...The World Monuments Fund (WMF), an independent nonprofit dedicated to preserving cultural heritage, has announced the lineup for its 2024 projects. This year’s efforts include responses to last ...Toward this end, World Monuments Fund is supporting several Route 66 projects. The first of these is an online travel itinerary , launched by the National Park Service in September 2009. The itinerary highlights destinations listed in the National Register of Historic Places that bring the history and charm of Route 66 to life.The Rock-Hewn Churches of Lalibela. Lalibela is located approximately 370 miles (600 kilometers) north of Addis Ababa in the Amhara Region, situated at an altitude of 8,200 feet (2,500 meters). In its center lies a unique complex of 11 churches cut out of the living rock some 800 years ago.The World Monuments Fund/Knoll Modernism Prize dates its inception to 2008. Modern architecture has often emphasized the design of civic, cultural, and institutional buildings, with special attention to community-centered spaces—a quality that is undoubtedly embodied by the Preston Bus Station in the United Kingdom , the most …World Monuments Fund’s Jewish Heritage Program partners with local communities worldwide to develop viable preservation strategies for Jewish heritage places, record and share their stories, and provide lasting local benefits. The program employs a people-based approach to celebrate the richness of Jewish culture, showcasing the breadth and ... World Monuments Fund’s goal in Cambodia from the time of its first mission to Angkor in 1989 has been to devise appropriate techniques for conserving and presenting its monumental remains while simultaneously helping train a new generation of professionals and skilled workers. Detailed planning and conservation began at Preah Khan in 1991 ... In November 2021, John Puttick Associates was awarded the 2021 World Monuments Fund/Knoll Modernism Prize, recognizing its thoughtful and detailed conservation of Preston Bus Station. Despite campaigning by English Heritage and advocacy groups such as the Twentieth Century Society, demolition of the Birmingham Central Library began in …Category: Over the course of World Monuments Fund’s forty-seven-year history, many of our projects have been at UNESCO World Heritage sites. Our engagement has ranged from catalytic support, helping local groups prepare site for World Heritage inscription, to conservation work at sites already on the list. World Heritage cultural sites ...The temples were included again on the World Monuments Watch in 2002 and secured funds to address the conservation and training issues at the site. With additional help from the New Delhi-based Namgyal Institute for Research of Ladakhi Art and Culture, conservation began in earnest at Basgo Gompa. Between 2001 and 2007, World Monuments Fund directed a grant from the Robert W. Wilson Challenge to Conserve Our Heritage to the conservation of Luxor Temple. Over 1,000 deteriorating blocks and inscribed wall fragments underwent consolidation and treatment, which arrested their decay and allowed for early stages of reconstruction. An outer ... World Monuments Fund’s work at this site was made possible, in part, by The Freeman Foundation, The Robert W. Wilson Charitable Trust, The Brown Foundation, Inc., The Tiffany & Co. Foundation, American Friends of the Shanghai Museum, Oak Foundation, and Nora McNeely Hurley and Manitou Fund.At World Monuments Fund we are working to discover modern buildings around the world that matter to people and learn about the threats to these buildings. In May 2017 we launched Modern Century, a social media campaign to involve the public in a global discussion about modern architecture and preservation advocacy. World Monuments Fund (WMF) worked on the project with Anadolu Kültür, its local partner, over the next several years, completing a survey of the site and an emergency temporary intervention plan in 2019. In addition, after two decades of continuous efforts, the Archaeological Site of Ani was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The World Monuments Fund (WMF) announced its biennial watch list of 25 at-risk cultural heritage sites in late February, just prior to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The biannual list of the New ... At World Monuments Fund we are working to discover modern buildings around the world that matter to people and learn about the threats to these buildings. In May 2017 we launched Modern Century, a social media campaign to involve the public in a global discussion about modern architecture and preservation advocacy. In 2011, WMF launched CRAFT (Conservation Resources for Architectural Interiors, Furniture, and Training), an educational program designed to meet critical conservation needs in China. The program sprung from the conservation project that WMF began with the Palace Museum in 2000, working on the Qianlong Garden in Beijing’s Forbidden City.Starting a small business is a large undertaking and needs to be backed-up with not only an innovative idea but also money. One of the most basic and common ways to provide funding...2010 and 2018 World Monuments Watch. Known by locals as al-Hadba’, or the hunchback, because of its pronounced tilt, the minaret of the Great Mosque of al-Nuri was a prominent landmark of the old city of Mosul. Built under the Seljuk ruler Nur al-Din, it was part of a religious complex that included a mosque and a madrassa and was named after ...World Monuments Fund (WMF) is the leading independent organization devoted to safeguarding the world’s most treasured places to enrich people’s lives and build mutual understanding across cultures and communities. The organization is headquartered in New York City with offices and affiliates in Cambodia, France, India, …The World Monuments Fund/Knoll Modernism Prize dates its inception to 2008. Modern architecture has often emphasized the design of civic, cultural, and institutional buildings, with special attention to community-centered spaces—a quality that is undoubtedly embodied by the Preston Bus Station in the United Kingdom , the most …Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. may be the most celebrated figure in American history who never held a political office. The advocate, reverend, husband, and father was assassinated at ...If you’ve recently started to dip a toe into the world of investing, it’s highly likely that you’ve heard of hedge funds. But their name doesn’t give much away. Hedge funds are a r...World Monuments Fund’s work at the Mosul Cultural Museum is made possible, in part, by ALIPH. The Mosul Cultural Museum Rehabilitation Project is an international consortium led by the Iraqi State Board of Antiquities and Heritage (SBAH), in partnership with World Monuments Fund (WMF), the Musée du Louvre, and the Smithsonian …What kind of career opportunities exist at World Monuments Fund? ...There is an opportunity to travel and deal with different cultures, in addition to the fact ...World Monuments Fund (WMF) includes Africatown on the 2022 World Monuments Watch to highlight the need and opportunity for authentic, community-led preservation and storytelling. WMF plans to support descendant communities in telling their stories, seeking environmental justice, and navigating the bureaucratic challenges that come with ... Rockefeller Center 600 Fifth Avenue 25th Floor New York, NY 10020 Tel: +1 646 424-9594. World Monuments Fund® and World Monuments Watch® are registered service marks. In her role as Chief Financial and Administrative Officer, Becky Johnson leads World Monuments Fund’s (WMF) Finance and Human Resources functions and drives our efforts to build a diverse and inclusive culture. Prior to joining WMF, Becky held a number of Finance roles in the Financial Services industry. She was most recently the Financial ...Mar 1, 2022 · The World Monuments Watch has raised more than $300 million over the years in an effort to preserve places as varied as Chile's Easter Island, Cambodia's Angkor Archeological Park and Iraq's Mosul ... Rockefeller Center 600 Fifth Avenue 25th Floor New York, NY 10020 Tel: +1 646 424-9594. World Monuments Fund® and World Monuments Watch® are registered service marks. A Global Network of Coastal Sites. Established in 2023 following the inclusion of Hurst Castle, UK, on the World Monuments Watch, the Coastal Connections program is a joint initiative between World Monuments Fund (WMF) and English Heritage that aims to form a global network of coastal heritage sites by bringing together communities and ...In 2011, WMF launched CRAFT (Conservation Resources for Architectural Interiors, Furniture, and Training), an educational program designed to meet critical conservation needs in China. The program sprung from the conservation project that WMF began with the Palace Museum in 2000, working on the Qianlong Garden in Beijing’s Forbidden City.Annabelle Selldorf joins World Monuments Fund Board of Trustees.2006 and 2008 World Monuments Watch. The area along the West Bank of the Nile at Luxor contains some of the most important archaeological sites in the world. Its approximately nine square kilometers encompass the Valley of the Kings, Valley of the Queens, the village of Dayr al-Madinah, the palace-city of Malqata, more than 5,000 …World Monuments Fund is grateful to the Ministry of Culture of Peru and the Municipality of Casma for their support and collaboration at the Chankillo Archaeoastronomical Complex. Leadership support is provided by The Selz Foundation, the U.S. Department of State's Ambassadors Fund for Cultural Preservation (AFCP), and Antamina- Asociación ...An Evening with the 2024 World Monuments Fund/Knoll Modernism Prize Winner. Join us for an evening dedicated to the impact and legacy of the modernist movement in South America with an inside look at the incredible transformation of Argentina’s Casa sobre el Arroyo, the first South American modernist structure project to be awarded the World ...The World Monuments Fund (WMF) announced a commitment of more than US$10 million to go towards preservation projects to protect culturally significant places …The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is one of the most successful conservation organizations in the world. From working to save endangered species to educating people about sustainable p...The World Monuments Fund (WMF) announced its biennial watch list of 25 at-risk cultural heritage sites in late February, just prior to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. …In May 2008 World Monuments Fund supported an international symposium on Italian “tuff towns,” and Civita di Bagnoregio was a principle case study in the ensuing discussions. Short and long-term plans for the protection of the village and others like it were developed during the event, and several collaborations resulted between the ...Category: Over the course of World Monuments Fund’s forty-seven-year history, many of our projects have been at UNESCO World Heritage sites. Our engagement has ranged from catalytic support, helping local groups prepare site for World Heritage inscription, to conservation work at sites already on the list. World Heritage cultural sites ...2020 World Monuments Watch. The World Monuments Watch is a flagship advocacy program of the New York –based private non-profit organization World Monuments Fund (WMF) that calls international attention to cultural heritage around the world that is threatened by neglect, vandalism, conflict, or disaster. [1]World Monuments Fund (WMF) is the leading independent organization devoted to safeguarding the world’s most treasured places to enrich people’s lives and build mutual understanding across cultures and communities. The organization is headquartered in New York City with offices and affiliates in Cambodia, France, India, …Mar 1, 2022 · The World Monuments Watch has raised more than $300 million over the years in an effort to preserve places as varied as Chile's Easter Island, Cambodia's Angkor Archeological Park and Iraq's Mosul ... Mar 7, 2022 · The World Monuments Fund (WMF) announced its biennial watch list of 25 at-risk cultural heritage sites in late February, just prior to Russia’s invasion of Ukraine. The biannual list of the New ... In November 2021, John Puttick Associates was awarded the 2021 World Monuments Fund/Knoll Modernism Prize, recognizing its thoughtful and detailed conservation of Preston Bus Station. Despite campaigning by English Heritage and advocacy groups such as the Twentieth Century Society, demolition of the Birmingham Central Library began in …WORLD MONUMENTS FUND PARTNERS WITH U.S. MISSION TÜRKIYE AND TURKISH MINISTRY OF CULTURE AND TOURISM TO PRESERVE EARTHQUAKE-HIT CULTURAL HERITAGE SITES IN ANTAKYA, TÜRKIYE. New York, NY – March 7, 2024 – World Monuments Fund (WMF) has joined forces with the U.S. World Monuments Fund (WMF) safeguards the world’s most treasured places to enrich people’s lives and build mutual understanding across cultures and communities. Since 1965, our global team of ... If you’ve recently started to dip a toe into the world of investing, it’s highly likely that you’ve heard of hedge funds. But their name doesn’t give much away. Hedge funds are a r...World Monuments Fund’s work at this site was made possible, in part, by The Freeman Foundation, The Robert W. Wilson Charitable Trust, The Brown Foundation, Inc., The Tiffany & Co. Foundation, American Friends of the Shanghai Museum, Oak Foundation, and Nora McNeely Hurley and Manitou Fund.Stay connected ... World Monuments Fund® and World Monuments Watch® are registered service marks. World Monuments Fund logo is a trademark of World Monuments Fund ...World Monuments Fund is the leading independent organization devoted to safeguarding the world’s most treasured places to enrich lives and build mutual understanding. For more than 55 years, working at more than 700 sites in 112 countries, its highly skilled experts have applied proven and effective techniques to the preservation of …World Monuments Fund’s goal in Cambodia from the time of its first mission to Angkor in 1989 has been to devise appropriate techniques for conserving and presenting its monumental remains while simultaneously helping train a new generation of professionals and skilled workers. Detailed planning and conservation began at Preah Khan in 1991 ...2016 World Monuments Watch. The Boix House sits in the busy Quiapo district of Manila, a reminder of the genteel past of this thriving market area as Manila’s “Millionaire’s Row.”. Dating from the late nineteenth century, the two-story house has …Some parts of the ocean remain isolated and untouched, particularly marine national monuments. In fact, the country’s most precious sites in the ocean are protected by law, often t...Jul 5, 2023 ... Transforming Heritage: Reimagining Loss World Monuments Fund and English Heritage Event ... Can we protect heritage at all costs? Do we need an ... 2018 World Monuments Fund/Knoll Modernism Prize. This commemorative publication celebrates ten years of the WMF/Knoll Modernism Prize, highlighting this year's winner, the first-ever Special Mention recipient, and a look at highlights from the history of the prize... Read more. Countries: France, United States. Open PDF. Prior to working for World Monuments Fund, she excavated at Hatra and Nimrud in Iraq as well as in Turkmenistan. In Jordan, she worked at the Institut Français du Proche Orient and at the Petra National Trust. Alessandra joined WMF in 2006 and is responsible for a range of project activities, from conservation to capacity building and site ...In 2000, the Dean and Chapter of St.Paul’s Cathedral inaugurated a £40m fundraising campaign to restore the interior and exterior of the cathedral and ensure accessibility for all visitors. The first phase of the program—the cleaning and repair of the structure—was completed in 2008 and celebrated the 300th anniversary of the laying of ... World Monuments Fund’s work at the Mosul Cultural Museum is made possible, in part, by ALIPH. The Mosul Cultural Museum Rehabilitation Project is an international consortium led by the Iraqi State Board of Antiquities and Heritage (SBAH), in partnership with World Monuments Fund (WMF), the Musée du Louvre, and the Smithsonian Institution ... 2006 World Monuments Watch. St. Mary’s is an active parish church with a small congregation and had limited means to raise substantial funds for conservation. In 2003, WMF secured funds through the Robert W. Wilson Challenge to Conserve Our Heritage to assist St. Mary’s with restoration of the roof, timbers, and drainage systems.World Monuments Fund included the ancient city of Bosra on the 2004 World Monuments Watch because it has not been afforded the protection it deserves. The site has suffered from vandalism and neglect, and there are no comprehensive plans for its preservation. Financial and technical resources are sorely needed for the development and ...Through the 2018 World Monuments Watch, World Monuments Fund will work together with the Blackpool Council and the private owners of the piers to expand dialogue, explore new models for the rehabilitation of the piers, and celebrate the heritage of the world’s first working-class seaside resort.What kind of career opportunities exist at World Monuments Fund? ...There is an opportunity to travel and deal with different cultures, in addition to the fact ...World Monuments Fund (WMF) began working in Tunisia in 2009, embarking on a conservation project at Bulla Regia to preserve and document ancient Roman villas dating back to the first century CE. Among the projects completed by WMF was a site management plan, which would help establish guidelines for the future protection of archaeological sites ... Bénédicte de Montlaur is President and Chief Executive Officer of World Monuments Fund (WMF), the world’s foremost private organization dedicated to saving extraordinary places while empowering the communities around them. She is responsible for defining WMF’s strategic vision, currently implementing that vision in more than 30 countries ... If you’re diving into the world of investments, learn all you can about high-yield income funds. Choosing bond funds is not a difficult process, once you map out your goals and pin...President and CEO. Bénédicte de Montlaur is President and Chief Executive Officer of World Monuments Fund (WMF), the world’s foremost private organization dedicated to saving extraordinary places while empowering the communities around them. She is responsible for defining WMF’s strategic vision, currently implementing that vision in more ...Through the 2018 World Monuments Watch, World Monuments Fund will work together with the Blackpool Council and the private owners of the piers to expand dialogue, explore new models for the rehabilitation of the piers, and celebrate the heritage of the world’s first working-class seaside resort.The World Monuments Fund/Knoll Modernism Prize dates its inception to 2008. Modern architecture has often emphasized the design of civic, cultural, and institutional buildings, with special attention to community-centered spaces—a quality that is undoubtedly embodied by the Preston Bus Station in the United Kingdom , the most …The 2022 World Monuments Watch advocates for the significance of Tiretta Bazaar and for the Chinese community that made it a thriving commercial and cultural center. While individual temples are recognized and protected, recognition as an historic district will safeguard the entire neighborhood and draw attention to the need for better services ...World Monuments Fund (WMF) began working in Tunisia in 2009, embarking on a conservation project at Bulla Regia to preserve and document ancient Roman villas dating back to the first century CE. Among the projects completed by WMF was a site management plan, which would help establish guidelines for the future protection of archaeological sites ...The 2020 World Monuments Watch. To the twenty-first-century observer, Ontario Place recalls a time when governments proudly invested in expanding access to the arts, education, health care, justice, and recreation. But after four decades of operation, the popularity of the lakefront park began to decline. Citing low numbers, the provincial ...2022 World Monuments Watch List. The Tomb of Jahangir in Pakistan is another spot on this year's list, with the World Monuments Fund noting the site requires restoration. Maria Gulraiz/World ...The Valley of the Kings was included on the World Monuments Watch in 2000 and 2002 in order to raise awareness of tourism’s impact at the site. Through funding from American Express, we supported the installation of railings, signage, and lighting at the tombs that improved public access while emphasizing the need to protect the ancient site.Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) funding has become an essential source of financial support for Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) around the world. Before diving into the...World Monuments Fund (WMF) will help with advocacy efforts to ensure that the complex remains open for future generations to enjoy. A Plan of Action On June 27, 2017, the cabinet of Birmingham City Council agreed to keep Moseley Road Baths open for swimming until March 2018, providing an extra nine months for supporters to come up …Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) funding has become an essential source of financial support for Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) around the world. Before diving into the... In February 2019, the Robert W. Wilson Charitable Trust announced $2 million in funding to support preservation efforts at five WMF projects, including Angkor Archaeological Park. Funds will advance the restoration of Phnom Bakheng and the creation of a new decorative ceiling for the Churning of the Ocean of Milk Gallery at Angkor Wat. CHISINAU, March 26, 2024—The World Bank announced today that it has established a multi-donor trust fund program aimed at supporting the Government of …The World Monuments Fund (WMF) announced a commitment of more than US$10 million to go towards preservation projects to protect culturally significant places …
Through the 2018 World Monuments Watch, World Monuments Fund will work together with the Blackpool Council and the private owners of the piers to expand dialogue, explore new models for the rehabilitation of the piers, and celebrate the heritage of the world’s first working-class seaside resort.. Coveant eyes
Giving Our Past A Future: the Work of World Monuments Fund, Britain. From October 26, 2012 to January 26, 2013, Sir John Soane’s Museum in London hosted an exhibition titled “Giving Our Past a Future: The Work of World Monuments Fund, Britain. More. Exton, Rutland, United Kingdom. In February 2019, the Robert W. Wilson Charitable Trust announced $2 million in funding to support preservation efforts at five WMF projects, including Angkor Archaeological Park. Funds will advance the restoration of Phnom Bakheng and the creation of a new decorative ceiling for the Churning of the Ocean of Milk Gallery at Angkor Wat. Stay connected ... World Monuments Fund® and World Monuments Watch® are registered service marks. World Monuments Fund logo is a trademark of World Monuments Fund ...With an initial seed grant of $500,000 from Helen Frankenthaler Foundation, World Monuments Fund's (WMF) Ukraine Heritage Response Fund is supporting Ukrainian heritage professionals and providing supplies necessary to protect Ukrainian heritage places. Where safe to do so, WMF is also supporting the stabilization and rehabilitation …Published on March 03, 2022. Share. The World Monuments Fund has released its 2022 World Monuments Watch list, a selection of 25 sites from across the globe that hold great cultural and heritage ...2022 World Monuments Watch. By including Garcia Pasture on the 2022 World Monuments Watch, WMF encourages further engagement of Indigenous communities as decision-makers in land use proposals and aims to support the Carrizo/Comecrudo in their calls to reconsider the proposed pipeline project. WMF plans to contribute to the Tribe’s …Image Courtesy of World Monuments Fund. One year ago, the World Monuments Fund has released a World Monuments Watch List containing a selection of 25 endangered heritage and cultural sites from ... Rockefeller Center 600 Fifth Avenue 25th Floor New York, NY 10020 Tel: +1 646 424-9594. World Monuments Fund® and World Monuments Watch® are registered service marks. The World Monuments Fund announced its 2024 projects. including responding to the devastating earthquakes in Turkey and the war in Ukraine.Jul 12, 2022 · NEW YORK, NY, July 12, 2022—World Monuments Fund (WMF) today announced the launch of four new projects as part of its recently established Ukraine Heritage Response Fund to address the immediate, critical needs of heritage professionals in Ukraine and to lay the groundwork for the future rehabilitation and long-term recovery of cultural heritage in the country. Chile. Intended to raise awareness about Easter Island and its heritage, this publication outlines the natural and cultural history of the island, provides an overview of the major monuments there, and explains the Easter Island conservation projects sponsored by World Monuments Fund (then the International Fund for Monuments), focusing on the ... Established in 2014, WMF Peru serves as a local representative for WMF, assisting with project management and outreach. WMF first became involved in Peru in 1997, when a call to develop a conservation and urban rehabilitation plan for a twelve-block stretch in Cusco's Historic Center. Three years later, a group of local personalities led by ... World Monuments Fund (WMF) is the leading independent organization devoted to safeguarding the world’s most treasured places to enrich people’s lives and build mutual understanding across cultures and communities. The organization is headquartered in New York City with offices and affiliates in Cambodia, India, Peru, Portugal, Spain, and ...2006 World Monuments Watch. St. Mary’s is an active parish church with a small congregation and had limited means to raise substantial funds for conservation. In 2003, WMF secured funds through the Robert W. Wilson Challenge to Conserve Our Heritage to assist St. Mary’s with restoration of the roof, timbers, and drainage systems.On Tuesday, the World Monuments Fund (WMF) announced the 2022 World Monuments Watch, a selection of 25 heritage sites “of extraordinary cultural …When it comes to memorializing loved ones who have passed away, the design of a monument plays a significant role. Memorial monument designs have evolved over time, reflecting the ....