Translation of persian - A repository of subversive, melancholic and existentialist themes and ideas, the rubaiyat (quatrains) that make up the collected poems attributed to the 12th century Persian astronomer Omar Khayyam have enchanted readers for centuries. In this modern translation, complete with critical introduction and epilogue, Juan Cole elegantly …

 
A collection of postcards with paintings of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam, by Indian artist M. V. Dhurandhar. Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám is the title that Edward FitzGerald gave to his 1859 translation from Persian to English of a selection of quatrains ( rubāʿiyāt) attributed to Omar Khayyam (1048–1131), dubbed "the Astronomer-Poet of .... How to turn off two part authentication

Through this study, a Persian translation of the above-mentioned English literary work is going to be evaluated based on Baker’s taxonomy of translation. The present research recognizes two paragraphs of the …Translation of the Iowa THQ into the Persian language: We translated the main version of the Iowa THQ according to the IQOLA protocol, during a 3-month period from July to October 2012. The translation process was conducted in two phases. In the first phase, forward translation was undertaken by two translators (Translators 1 and 2) …Syed Hassan Kashmiri translated Bhagavad Gita in Persian language. The Bhagavad Gita often referred to as simply the Gita, is a 700-verse Hindu scripture in ...German to Persian Translation Service can translate from German to Persian language. Additionally, it can also translate German into over 160 other languages. Free Online German to Persian Online Translation Service. The German to Persian translator can translate text, words and phrases into over 100 languages.Turkish to Persian translation service by ImTranslator will assist you in getting an instant translation of words, phrases and texts from Turkish to Persian and other languages. Turkish to Persian Translation provides the most convenient access to online translation service powered by various machine translation engines.This couplet furnishes a good illustration of the difficulty of giving a close and at the same time an intelligible translation of Persian poetry. According to native grammarians and prosodists ...The first and most popular free online Farsi (Persian)/English Dictionary with easy to use Farsi keyboard, two-way word lookup, multi-language smart translator, English lessons, …Nowadays, one of the important problems in translation field will be Translation of Proper Nouns. This is an arduous task in Translation Studies to convey the main essence of the nouns amongst ...Tech giants Google, Microsoft and Facebook are all applying the lessons of machine learning to translation, but a small company called DeepL has outdone them all and raised the bar for the field. Its translation tool is just as quick as the outsized competition, but more accurate and nuanced than any we’ve tried. TechCrunch.Aug 2, 2019 · In this study, we examine the psychometric properties of the Persian translation of the Children's Test Anxiety Scale (CTAS) using the Rasch rating scale model. In the first step, rating scale diagnostics revealed that the thresholds were disordered. To remedy this problem, two categories were colla … Almost 500 people – many of Iranian descent – packed into Wakefield Cathedral on Saturday (2 March) for a “Persian Celebration Service”. The event marked the launch of an officially authorised translation of the Holy Communion Service. The Bishop of Loughborough, Guli Francis-Dehqani, led the service. Bishop Guli arrived in the UK in ...Almost 500 people – many of Iranian descent – packed into Wakefield Cathedral on Saturday (2 March) for a “Persian Celebration Service”. The event marked the launch of an officially authorised translation of the Holy Communion Service. The Bishop of Loughborough, Guli Francis-Dehqani, led the service. Bishop Guli arrived in the UK in ...الناس. 6 Verses. An-Nas. The Mankind. Read Quran with translation in Farsi in an easy to use interface.Tech giants Google, Microsoft and Facebook are all applying the lessons of machine learning to translation, but a small company called DeepL has outdone them all and raised the bar for the field. Its translation tool is just as quick as the outsized competition, but more accurate and nuanced than any we’ve tried. TechCrunch.The xwâ (خوا) of Persian script is maintained in romanization. Among other reasons, the homophone verbs خواستن (to want) and خاستن (to rise) remain distinguishable. Therefore, خواستن must be entered as xwâstan and خاستن as xâstan.Other verbs having xwâ include: xwâbidan (خوابیدن), xwândan (خواندن).. Tense Names. Each language has its own …Translate from Persian to English online - a free and easy-to-use translation tool. Simply enter your text, and Yandex Translate will provide you with a quick and accurate translation in seconds. Try Yandex Translate for your Persian to English translations today and experience seamless communication! Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. A Persian leopard was seen roaming near Balochistan's Nani Mandir, an important site for Hindu pilgrimage, after many years.The rare leopard was located by a …May 14, 2013 · This research sought to investigate explicitation as a translation universal based on a contrastive analysis between Persian and English languages to confirm the process of explicitation and to investigate the explicitation devices adopted in the Persian translation of the conjunctions between sentences and clauses in an English text. Explicitation has been one of the most important topics in ... Abstract. This paper examines a number of proverbs in English and Persian to shed light on certain pragmatic issues involved in translation. By analyzing three sets of data within the pragmatic ... Texts & Literature. • LyrikLine: Persian poems, with translation (+ audio) • Petite anthologie bilingue de littérature irano-persane (Medieval texts, with transcription & translation) by Denis Matringe (2021) • Persian literature, an introduction, by Reuben Levy (1923) • Persian literature by Claude Field (1912) Paste or Type English and instantly get English to Persian translation Online. You need an online machine translator to quickly translate English to Persian. We hope that our …Well, it’s simple, but not quite that straightforward. Here, we’ll breakdown the 7 meanings and uses of the Persian word joon. جان / جون After the first name. Joon (or jân, as it’s often pronounced), means “soul/spirit/life”, but it’s essentially a Persian word of endearment used after a person’s first name to mean “dear ...This Persian to English translator can be used by anyone that includes individuals (like students, teachers), professionals (like doctors, engineers, content writers & bloggers), or a company of any size. However, being an automated English translation tool, there are some restrictions. It can't be used for legal purposes.Persian ( / ˈpɜːrʒən / PUR-zhən or / ˈpɜːrʃən / PUR-shən ), also known by its endonym Farsi or Parsi [a] ( فارسی, Fārsī, [fɒːɾˈsiː] ⓘ ), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision …Persian Translation of the Mahabharata, Razmnama, the book of Wars: Naqib Khan superintended the translation of Mahabharata, which took one and a half years to complete. Here's the account of the translation process of Mahabharata given by Badauni: " Having assembled some learned Hindus, and gave them directions to write …Aug 19, 2018 · We created our own story opening line of “Once upon a day and once upon a time under the purple dome of the sky…” Thus, the English part is not a translation of the Persian, and the Persian part is not a translation of the English. Rather, it is a joint effort in a combined type of writing to convey the flair and nuances of both languages. Summary table of Persian Proverbs. مرغ همسایه غازه — “The Neighbour’s chicken is a goose”. هر گردی گردو نیست — “Not everything that’s round is a walnut”. هم خدا را می‌ خواهد، هم خرما را — “He/She wants both God and the date”. با یک دست نمی توان دو ...Persian (/ ˈ p ɜːr ʒ ən / PUR-zhən or / ˈ p ɜːr ʃ ən / PUR-shən), also known by its endonym Farsi or Parsi (فارسی, Fārsī, [fɒːɾˈsiː] ⓘ), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision of the Indo-European languages.Persian is a pluricentric language predominantly spoken and used officially within Iran, Afghanistan, …Hassan Mortazavi’s Preface to the new Persian translation of Marx’s Capital, Vol.I.Tehran: Agah Publishing, 2008. Preface translated by Frieda Afary. Any reader of this work will no doubt ask why volume one of Capital has been translated anew. It has been 33 years since the first Persian translation was made by Iraj Eskandari in 1973.A฀Persian฀Translation฀of฀the฀Sanskrit฀Mahabharata Here the translators draw on an earlier teaching in Manu’s story that “the irst responsibility of the subjects is that they must pray for the king” and apply it directly to their …Persian to English Translation Service can translate from Persian to English language. Additionally, it can also translate Persian into over 160 other languages. Free Online Persian to English Online Translation Service. The Persian to English translator can translate text, words and phrases into over 100 languages.تابلویی از گوستاو کلیمت، نقاش اتریشی که ۱۰۰ سال تصور می‌شد گم شده است، قرار است در وین به حراج گذاشته شود. در ...Both parts of the original questionnaire (SSS and FSS) were independently translated into Persian by two individual translators. The translated questionnaires were merged after being discussed by the previously-mentioned translators. The merged translation was revised and confirmed by orthopedic researchers.Aug 2, 2019 · In this study, we examine the psychometric properties of the Persian translation of the Children's Test Anxiety Scale (CTAS) using the Rasch rating scale model. In the first step, rating scale diagnostics revealed that the thresholds were disordered. To remedy this problem, two categories were colla … Khabhaye Khoob Bebini: Sweet Dreams in Persian. Khabhaye Khoob Bebini is one of the excellent ways to say Good Night in Persian that adds an extra layer of warmth to your good night wishes. It goes beyond a simple farewell and translates to sweet dreams in Persian. When you use this phrase, you’re not just wishing for a peaceful night’s ...AVESTA . ii. Middle Persian Translations . The manuscripts transmitting the preserved Avestan texts often also include their translation into Pahlavi [PT], the Zoroastrian Middle Persian language. The ritual Avestan texts belonging to the great rituals (Yasna, Vīsparad, and Vīdēvdād) are transmitted through two different kinds of …Nov 10, 2022 · Translation is not merely a mater of linguistics. The major goal of the present paper is to investigate the relationship between ‘culture’ and ‘translation’. To this end, the researcher drew on a corpus from English and Persian languages. The findings indicated that although different languages, like English and Persian, employ different linguistic forms, this variety cannot be ... 1. Simply upload a Persian or English document and click "Translate". 2. Translate full documents to and from Persian and instantly download the result with the original layout preserved. 3. Translate Persian documents to English in multiple office formats (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, PDF, OpenOffice, text) by simply uploading them into our free ...Ali Sabzei. The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam is what Edward FitzGerald chooses for the title of his translation of his selection of Persian poems believed to be poems of Omar Khayyam, a well-known mathematician, astronomer, philosopher and poet. Omar Khayyam was an aphoristic wise man composing quatrains privately, as some personal relieves …Elizabeth T. Gray, Jr. April 10, 2022. Rumi, Gold, translated by Haleh Liza Gafori, New York Review Books (image courtesy New York Review Books) I’ll be frustrated, dull and barren as a stone ... Translate between up to 133 languages. Feature support varies by language: • Text: Translate between languages by typing. • Offline: Translate with no internet connection. • Instant camera translation: Translate text in images instantly by just pointing your camera. • Photos: Translate text in taken or imported photos. The most popular languages for translation. Translate from English to Persian online - a free and easy-to-use translation tool. Simply enter your text, and Yandex Translate will … English. Spanish. Arabic. Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages. Access the Translate Document tool. Choose the language to translate from and to. Set the input language to “Detect language” if you’re unsure. Click “Choose File” and then the “Translate” button. Let Google work its magic. Download your translation. Translate PDF with Google. Get Started.Translation of “I Love You” in Farsi. In Farsi, the phrase “I love you” can be translated as “دوستت دارم” (doostet daram). This literal translation conveys the sentiment of love and affection towards someone. It is a commonly used phrase among Farsi speakers to express their deep feelings for someone they care about.Translation of 'چشمات چه مهربونه (Cheshmat che mehrabune)' by Elaheh (الهه) from Persian to English. Search. Join us. Sign in; ... Languages: native Persian, fluent …The Old Persian inscription consists of 414 lines in five columns; the Elamite of 593 lines in eight columns; the Akkadian of 112 lines. The following is a translation of Column I of the Old Persian text … The Persian Calendar Converter is a type of calculator designed to convert dates, according to the more commonly used Gregorian Calendar, into dates according to the Persian Calendar, also known as the Iranian Calendar. By simply entering dates into the relevant fields of the Persian or Iranian Calendar Converter and clicking the “calculate ... Mar 29, 2006 · Cover for the new English translation by Dick Davis of Abolqasem Ferdowsi's epic narrative Shahnameh: The Persian Book of Kings . Penguin USA. Iranians are in the middle of a 13-day celebration of ... The Persian Wars, despite the title, is a wide-ranging work that reports the history and geography not only of Mesopotamia and the Caucasus, but also of southern Arabia and Ethiopia, Iran and Central Asia, and Constantinople itself. This book is equipped with notes, maps and plans, an introduction, and a translation of a further Greek text ...1. Simply upload a Persian or English document and click "Translate". 2. Translate full documents to and from Persian and instantly download the result with the original layout preserved. 3. Translate Persian documents to English in multiple office formats (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, PDF, OpenOffice, text) by simply uploading them into our free ...Translations from dictionary Persian - English, definitions, grammar. In Glosbe you will find translations from Persian into English coming from various sources. The translations … English to Persian translation service by ImTranslator will assist you in getting an instant translation of words, phrases and texts from English to Persian and other languages. Free Online English to Persian Online Translation Service. The English to Persian translator can translate text, words and phrases into over 100 languages. To cite this article: Igder, R., & Karimnia, A. (2010). Explicitation in English –into-Persian translation: A study of text type. Iranian Journal of Translation Studies, 8(29), 69-86 Explicitation in English –into-Persian translation: A study of text type Rasoul Igder, Islamic Azad University, Fars Science and Research Branch, Iran Amin Karimnia, Islamic …Summary table of Persian Proverbs. مرغ همسایه غازه — “The Neighbour’s chicken is a goose”. هر گردی گردو نیست — “Not everything that’s round is a walnut”. هم خدا را می‌ خواهد، هم خرما را — “He/She wants both God and the date”. با یک دست نمی توان دو ...Ali Sabzei. The Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam is what Edward FitzGerald chooses for the title of his translation of his selection of Persian poems believed to be poems of Omar Khayyam, a well-known mathematician, astronomer, philosopher and poet. Omar Khayyam was an aphoristic wise man composing quatrains privately, as some personal relieves … in input text box and click Translate Button than it is translated to Persian as "سلام دوست من!". You can use our English translator to translate a whole English sentence to Persian or just a single word, you can also use English to Persian translation online tool as a personal English dictionary tool to get the meaning of Persian words. Use the free Persian ↔ English Translator from PONS! Translate words, phrases, texts instantly in 38 languages.The author gives a thorough overview of the development of Persian exegetical writing, from rhyming translations to major commentaries, starting with the emergence of New Persian literature in the tenth century and continuing on until the institutionalisation of Persian as a language that rivalled Arabic in courts and …تابلویی از گوستاو کلیمت، نقاش اتریشی که ۱۰۰ سال تصور می‌شد گم شده است، قرار است در وین به حراج گذاشته شود. در ...Persian language, member of the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian language family. It is the official language of Iran, and two varieties of Persian known as Dari and Tajik are official languages in Afghanistan and Tajikistan, respectively. Modern Persian is most closely related to Middle and Old Persian, former languages of the region of ...Keywords: movie titles, translation, strategies, Persian. 1. Introduction. Movies are one of the most popular and influential mass media in the world. Titles, whic h are names given to the movies ...Deze kosteloze service van Google kan woorden, zinnen en webpagina's onmiddellijk vertalen tussen het Nederlands en meer dan 100 andere talen.PONS English ↔ Persian Translator - new with lots of practical functions PONS-Users have profited for over 10 years from our online text translator, currently into 38 different languages. But it’s now time for an upgrade! Get to know the new features of our interface, designed to meet your needs so your translations will be even better.You need an online machine translator to quickly translate Persian to Urdu. We hope that our Persian to Urdu translator can simplify your process of translation of Persian text, messages, words, or phrases. If you type Persian phrase "سلام دوست من!" in input text box and click Translate Button than it is translated to Urdu as ... Despite the extensive research on translation and challenges on translation of figurative language, in particular idioms and proverbs, little is achieved to solve the challenges. The corpus of the study was an English translation of the novel Pinocchio and its Persian translation. The name of the novel is 'The Adventures of Pinocchio'. The aim of this case study was to explore the strategies ... The Persian translation of Panchantantra by Dr. Indu Shekhar: Dr. Indu Shekhar undertook the Persian translation of the Sanskrit fable “Panchantantra” in 1961 from University of Tehran, Iran. In the introduction of his work, he mentions F. Edgrtion’s English translation of Panchantantra as the basis of his work.To assess the validity and reliability of a Persian translation of the SF-36 questionnaire (version 2) as a tool for use in the general population and outpatients, we carried out a cross-sectional study of the staff of Shiraz Medical School during November 2001. Response rate was 83.6%. Internal con …Google's service, offered free of charge, instantly translates words, phrases, and web pages between English and over 100 other languages.Another common phrase when translated from English to Persian or English to Farsi is ‘sobh bekheyr’ or ‘sobh bekheir’ which means ‘good morning.’. This phrase has gotten some traffic in the English-speaking community thanks to its use in many movies in TV shows. Using the Arabic alphabet, ‘sobh bekheyr’ or ‘sobh bekheir ...Most Popular Phrases for English to Persian Translation. Communicate smoothly and use a free online translator to translate text, words, phrases, or documents between 5,900+ …Aug 19, 2018 · We created our own story opening line of “Once upon a day and once upon a time under the purple dome of the sky…” Thus, the English part is not a translation of the Persian, and the Persian part is not a translation of the English. Rather, it is a joint effort in a combined type of writing to convey the flair and nuances of both languages. The Persian translation of the CERQ was developed with a back-translation procedure. Two bilingual (Persian - Engli sh) ps ychologists t ranslated the English ver sion of the CE RQ into Per sian.Architectural texts involve a great deal of CSIs that reflect the culture of a country. Translating these CSIs from Persian into English seems one of the key issues in the translation of architectural texts. This source-oriented descriptive study tried to investigate CSIs of the Persian architecture in order to examine the extent to which the …Poetry is such an integral part of the Persian literary tradition that it would be futile to attempt to teach the Persian language without touching on some key poetic works and themes. ... Each excerpt is accompanied by an audio recording, a transliteration in the Latin alphabet, an English translation, and vocabulary notes. The English ...The first poem by Hafez to appear in English was the work of Sir William Jones (q.v.; 1746-94). His translation of the “Tork-e šīrāzī” ghazal (q.v.), both in prose and verse, as a “Persian Song” (Jones 1771, pp. 135-40), set a precedent for later translators. The rest of the 18th century produced very little, though the translation ... The IMS translation was performed using the Brislin method and the translators agreed on the consistency of the Persian edition of the IMS with the original version. The results of the content validity analysis showed that the experts agreed the 27 items of the IMS had acceptable content validity, which is consistent with the original study by ... You need an online machine translator to quickly translate Persian to Urdu. We hope that our Persian to Urdu translator can simplify your process of translation of Persian text, messages, words, or phrases. If you type Persian phrase "سلام دوست من!" in input text box and click Translate Button than it is translated to Urdu as ...Useful Persian (Farsi) phrases. A collection of useful phrases in Persian (Farsi), an Indo-Iranian language spoken in Iran, Afghanistan, Tajikistan and a number of other countries. Jump to phrases. See these phrases in any combination of two languages in … THE VERNACULAR QUR’AN TRANSLATION AND THE RISE OF PERSIAN EXEGESIS T R AV I S Z A D E H THE VERNACULAR QUR’AN This book examines how early juridical and theological debates on translatability and the nature of revelation and language informed the development of Persian translations and commentaries of the Qur’an. Quay looks forward to more readers discovering Ghassemi’s intriguing novel in translation. So does Fani, who proposed the idea of a translation prize after the Mo Habib Memorial Foundation reached out to Shahrzad Shams, now-retired UW teaching professor of Persian language and culture, about making a gift.. The translation prize, …Paste or Type English and instantly get English to Persian translation Online. You need an online machine translator to quickly translate English to Persian. We hope that our …The Persian version of the Palliative Care Attitude Scale (PCAS-9) was translated and psychometrically validated in this research among cancer patients. Methods: This methodological study was conducted in two stages: translation stage and psychometric validation stage. The method of translation was based on that proposed …The Persian Wars, despite the title, is a wide-ranging work that reports the history and geography not only of Mesopotamia and the Caucasus, but also of southern Arabia and Ethiopia, Iran and Central Asia, and Constantinople itself. This book is equipped with notes, maps and plans, an introduction, and a translation of a further Greek text ...Old Persian was first written in about 600 BC in the Old Persian Cuneiform. The language had evolved into what we known as Middle Persian by about 300 BC, and was written with the Pahlavi, Manichaean and Avestan alphabets. From 800 AD the language is known as Modern Persian, and was written with the Persian of Perso-Arabic alphabet.Home | Library of CongressMar 25, 2023 · Quran Persian (High Resolution) PDF Latest 2020 edition. ... [PDF] Quran Persian translation (ترجمه فارسی قرآن) Bookreader Item Preview Texts & Literature. • LyrikLine: Persian poems, with translation (+ audio) • Petite anthologie bilingue de littérature irano-persane (Medieval texts, with transcription & translation) by Denis Matringe (2021) • Persian literature, an introduction, by Reuben Levy (1923) • Persian literature by Claude Field (1912) Abstract The present study aimed at investigating the different strategies applied by Iranian translators to Persian translation of the neologism created in Persian Academy words. To begin with, four volumes out of eight volumes of Persian Academy translation were selected randomly. To do so, some one-thousand words containing English to ...

The Persian version of the Palliative Care Attitude Scale (PCAS-9) was translated and psychometrically validated in this research among cancer patients. Methods: This methodological study was conducted in two stages: translation stage and psychometric validation stage. The method of translation was based on that proposed …. Exacq

translation of persian

PONS English ↔ Persian Translator - new with lots of practical functions PONS-Users have profited for over 10 years from our online text translator, currently into 38 different languages. But it’s now time for an upgrade! Get to know the new features of our interface, designed to meet your needs so your translations will be even better.1. Salam (سلام) Translating simply to “hello,” this is the most common greeting in Persian. Salam (سلام) literally means “peace,” and the response back would generally be the same. It is shortened from the original Arabic greeting salam-aleykom (سلام عليكم), meaning “peace be upon you,” though this full phrase can ...The xwâ (خوا) of Persian script is maintained in romanization. Among other reasons, the homophone verbs خواستن (to want) and خاستن (to rise) remain distinguishable. Therefore, خواستن must be entered as xwâstan and خاستن as xâstan.Other verbs having xwâ include: xwâbidan (خوابیدن), xwândan (خواندن).. Tense Names. Each language has its own …There are many Persian verbs that are frequently used in daily conversations. In this section, we will introduce the most common Persian verbs. List of Top Common Persian Verbs with Examples. Here is a list of the top Persian verbs you need to learn, along with their English translations and example sentences: 1. رفتن – to go Old Persian was first written in about 600 BC in the Old Persian Cuneiform. The language had evolved into what we known as Middle Persian by about 300 BC, and was written with the Pahlavi, Manichaean and Avestan alphabets. From 800 AD the language is known as Modern Persian, and was written with the Persian of Perso-Arabic alphabet. 2) Translation of the source metaphorical expression to non-metaphor in the target language (As shown in cases 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 3b, 4a, 4b, 6a). 3) Mistranslation (As shown in cases 2a, 2b). 4) Literal translation was the very common strategy applied by two translators in translating Persian metaphors into English.May 14, 2013 · This research sought to investigate explicitation as a translation universal based on a contrastive analysis between Persian and English languages to confirm the process of explicitation and to investigate the explicitation devices adopted in the Persian translation of the conjunctions between sentences and clauses in an English text. Explicitation has been one of the most important topics in ... 1. Simply upload a Persian or English document and click "Translate". 2. Translate full documents to and from Persian and instantly download the result with the original layout preserved. 3. Translate Persian documents to English in multiple office formats (Word, Excel, PowerPoint, PDF, OpenOffice, text) by simply uploading them into our free ...1. Salam (سلام) Translating simply to “hello,” this is the most common greeting in Persian. Salam (سلام) literally means “peace,” and the response back would generally be the same. It is shortened from the original Arabic greeting salam-aleykom (سلام عليكم), meaning “peace be upon you,” though this full phrase can ...Mar 25, 2023 · Quran Persian (High Resolution) PDF Latest 2020 edition. ... [PDF] Quran Persian translation (ترجمه فارسی قرآن) Bookreader Item Preview Persian ( / ˈpɜːrʒən / PUR-zhən or / ˈpɜːrʃən / PUR-shən ), also known by its endonym Farsi or Parsi [a] ( فارسی, Fārsī, [fɒːɾˈsiː] ⓘ ), is a Western Iranian language belonging to the Iranian branch of the Indo-Iranian subdivision …Only a single Persian translation of the Pentateuch and another of the Gospels had been printed before the 13th/19th century. None of the Persian translations of the Bible made before that time—including some not discussed here—had become generally known. In fact, each successive translation was made without knowledge of ….

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