What causes sulfur burps and diarrhea - This can cause sulfur burps as well as symptoms like diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, bloating, or abdominal pain. Treatment for Sulfur Burps. Naturally the underlying cause of the burping will dictate the treatment method. For conditions like GERD or IBS, dietary changes and medication are often paired in order to bring relief from the symptoms.

 
Belching. Belching, or burping, is a release of gas from your stomach through your mouth. People typically belch up to 30 times a day. 3. Some people may feel they belch more often than normal. In …. Youtube thumbnail memes

Warning. Oral route (Tablet) Warning: Risk of Thyroid C-Cell TumorsIn rodents, semaglutide causes thyroid C-cell tumors. It is unknown whether semaglutide causes thyroid C-cell tumors, including medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), in humans as the human relevance of semaglutide-induced rodent thyroid C-cell tumors has not been determined.Semaglutide is contraindicated in patients with a ...A typical cause of sulfur burps is a digestive concern. Conditions, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), might cause gas from the stomach to rise up as burps and stomach heartburn. Causes Sulfur Burps and Diarrhea. Following are a few of the possible causes of burps with diarrhea:Superacids are those with an acidity greater than sulfuric acid. So which is the most super of superacids and what exactly is it used for? Advertisement Some acids are safe enough ...Sulfur burps are caused by gas mixed with sulfur in your digestive tract. They may be normal or related to diet, behavior, or health conditions. Learn when to see a doctor and …Strain and drink it 2 – 3 times daily to get rid of the sour burps. Chamomile Tea – It contains various volatile oils and flavonoids that exhibit a soothing effect on the intestine and relieves your intestinal cramps, flatulence, colic and upset stomach. Place 1 chamomile tea bag in a cup and pour boiled water over it.Oct 16, 2023 · Like all drugs, Ozempic may cause side effects in some people. The more commonly reported side effects of Ozempic include: abdominal pain. constipation. diarrhea. nausea or vomiting. Ozempic may ... Bloating, sulfer burps and diarrhea. Question. Sorry for the TMI but up until now I've just had to lessen the amount of food I eat for each meal. I took 5mg shot Friday and had some chowder with potatoes on Saturday. Today I've had diarrhea, Sulphur burps and now very bloated. I even took a Zofran to help and it did.Bloating, abdominal cramping, passing excessive gas, sulfur-tasting burps; Occasional nausea, vomiting, fever, rash, or constipation; Chronic diarrheal illness may have the following symptoms and signs. Diarrhea: Stools are often greasy, foul-smelling, yellowish, and may alternate between diarrhea and constipation. Abdominal pain …Ozempic is an injectable medication that can help treat Type 2 diabetes by improving blood sugar levels. Ozempic can cause side effects, especially gut-related symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. About 8% of people experience diarrhea while taking Ozempic. There are ways to avoid Ozempic-related diarrhea, such as …It affects the large intestine leading to abdominal cramp, diarrhea, constipation, and sulfur burps. Giardia. It is an intestinal infection caused by a parasite, which enters the digestive system via contaminated water. Presence of this parasite could cause diarrhea, loss of appetite, along with sulfurous burps.More About Sulfur Burps • What causes sulfur burps and diarrhea?··········“Are you attracted to the world of glamor and celebrities too? Dig into the topic a...Diarrhea is a common problem in dogs, and it can be a sign of an underlying health issue. Fortunately, there are some home remedies that can help quickly soothe your dog’s diarrhea...Diarrhea is a common problem in dogs, and it can be a sign of an underlying health issue. Fortunately, there are some home remedies that can help quickly soothe your dog’s diarrhea...Jan 12, 2022 · Having frequent sulfur burps are attributed to the production of hydrogen sulfide in your digestive tract. Many times this is caused by eating too much protein foods that contain sulfur. One type of diet that may cause sulfur burps is a high meat diet. During the digestion process the friendly bacteria that is found in your intestine promotes ... Feb 22, 2024 · Sulfur burps are burps that smell like rotten eggs. They're triggered when there's too much hydrogen sulfide in your digestive system, which can happen with certain food choices,... Diarrhea refers to loose, watery stools. It is typically a sign that the digestive system is not functioning as normal. This article outlines the possible causes of stomach gurgling with diarrhea ...The bloating, the sulfur burps and gas, then the explosive diarrhea. I started feeling EXTREMELY nauseous last night around 11pm, but I think the battery of baking soda, TUMS and milk kept the bile from coming up completely. 30 hours later, the burps and the runs are still keeping me on my toes, and the nausea has kept me from eating anything.Burping was more common in people receiving a 0.5-mg dose of Ozempic than in people receiving a 1-mg dose. Gas and burping are caused by tiny amounts of air that gather in your digestive system ...Ginger can alleviate the symptoms of nausea, bloating, and helps with digestion. It has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and helps curb sulfur burps. 13. Honey and Lemon. A mixture of honey and …HO. honuhonu 9 July 2023. So glad this post exists! This is my 2nd time having excessive egg burps and diarrhea. I was on the low dose for 3 weeks and only had some diarrhea after a fatty meal maybe and some cold sweats. The first 3 weeks didn't do much for my A1C or appetite so my Dr increased the dosage to 1.5. An empty colon can also cause sulfur burps. An empty colon is typically caused by irritable bowel syndrome. Gall bladder problems may also cause sulfur burps. Sulfur burps can be caused by an underlying health condition that prevents food from being completely digested thereby allowing sulfur reducing bacteria to produce hydrogen sulphide. Warning. Oral route (Tablet) Warning: Risk of Thyroid C-Cell TumorsIn rodents, semaglutide causes thyroid C-cell tumors. It is unknown whether semaglutide causes thyroid C-cell tumors, including medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC), in humans as the human relevance of semaglutide-induced rodent thyroid C-cell tumors has not been determined.Semaglutide is contraindicated in patients with a ...Key Takeaways. Sulfur burps can be caused by sulfur-rich foods as well as gastrointestinal issues. In most cases, they aren’t a sign of anything serious. Various …In addition to diarrhea and vomiting, foul-smelling stool is a sign of rotavirus. Rotavirus is a virus that affects the digestive tract. It causes gastroenteritis, an infection of the ...Eating foods rich in sulfur, indigestion, or some viral or bacterial infection could be the reason behind your foul-smelling burps and loose bowels. Knowing the connection between sulfur burps and diarrhea can help you understand what these symptoms mean, how it affects your health, and if you … See moreDrinking peppermint tea is a very effective way of getting rid of smelling sulfur burps and diarrhea. Drink this regularly to alleviate egg and sulfur burps. To make and use peppermint: Take a glass of warm water and add a handful of dry peppermint leaves powder. Allow the mixture to cool down for at least 15 minutes. According to my endo, this is gastroparesis. For some people, the delayed gastric emptying becomes stalled emptying, and then the food ferments (hence the sulphur). This triggers the body’s evacuation stations to avoid infection, which results in the insane diarrhea and/or vomiting. Specific causes of sulfur burps. Sulfur burps can be caused by many conditions including stress, reflux, irritable bowel syndrome , and bacterial infections like H. pylori. Certain foods can also cause sulfur burps such as broccoli, brussel sprouts, cauliflower, garlic, dairy products, milk, and beer. How to prevent sulfur burps. The best …Having postnasal drip can also cause this. Most air that you swallow leaves your stomach when you burp or belch. Some of the gas that is left is absorbed into ...Sulfur Burps and Diarrhea: Signs of Infection. Diarrhea accompanying these pungent burps is indicative of gastrointestinal infection. Species of bacteria such as Heliobacter Pylori (H. Pylori) live in the stomachs of a large proportion of the world’s population. However, they can multiply in large numbers and cause inflammation of the stomach ...Strain and drink it 2 – 3 times daily to get rid of the sour burps. Chamomile Tea – It contains various volatile oils and flavonoids that exhibit a soothing effect on the intestine and relieves your intestinal cramps, flatulence, colic and upset stomach. Place 1 chamomile tea bag in a cup and pour boiled water over it.Like all drugs, Ozempic may cause side effects in some people. The more commonly reported side effects of Ozempic include: abdominal pain. constipation. diarrhea. nausea or vomiting. Ozempic may ...It will cause sulfur burps, bloated abdomen, diarrhea, and bad gas passing. It needs prescription medication,and not being treated promptly can cause dehydration. H. Pylori: This is a bacterial infection of the stomach that can cause gastritis and even ulcers. It is accompanied by bloating and heartburn.This can cause gastric problems, heart-burn, bloating sensation in the upper abdomen and sulfur burps. Another reason is through a parasite called Giardia found in water bodies. This is a parasite and causes people to have sulfur burps. The parasite can lead to the development of ulcers, abdominal cramps, diarrhea and vomiting.This is going to happen because the medicine is slowing your digestive track so the food sits in your stomach longer and begins to Rot. Therefore, causing the sulfur burps. I know it sounds gross, but it’s true. This sounds like possible infection if it's continuous.. An empty colon can also cause sulfur burps. An empty colon is typically caused by irritable bowel syndrome. Gall bladder problems may also cause sulfur burps. Sulfur burps can be caused by an underlying health condition that prevents food from being completely digested thereby allowing sulfur reducing bacteria to produce hydrogen sulphide. 1. Too Much Sulfur. When this stench happens, it's likely due to having too much sulfur in your diet (i.e., sulfur farts). As Dr. Wolfman explains, when we have meals packed with sulfur, our digestive system creates and emits hydrogen sulfide, mimicking that rotten egg smell. He says certain foods, including cruciferous veggies like cauliflower ...Aug 22, 2022 ... Food poisoning can be caused by a variety of bacteria. WebMD explains the symptoms.Sulfur burps can be caused by many conditions including stress, reflux, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), and bacterial infections like H. pylori. Certain foods can …If you are one of the many homeowners who rely on well water, you may have noticed an unpleasant odor or taste in your water. This can often be attributed to the presence of sulfur...Eating Manuka Honey. Manuka honey is known to have antimicrobial properties and is used as a home remedy to treat gastrointestinal issues. It may also help in killing bacteria like E.Coli and Salmonella that cause digestive issues. Having a spoonful of manuka honey may help prevent sulfur burps ( 9 ). Baking Soda.There are several possible causes of Mounjaro sulfur burps and diarrhea, including: Food poisoning: Consuming contaminated food or water can lead to sulfur burps and diarrhea. Gastrointestinal infections: Infections caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites can result in sulfur burps and diarrhea.Methylsulfonylmethane, sometimes referred to as organic sulfur, can cause nausea, diarrhea and headaches, according to Drugs.com. Some individuals experience severe allergic reacti...Sulfur burps are burps that have a rotten egg smell. They can be caused by eating or drinking foods high in sulfur, such as eggs, cheese, or milk. They can also be a sign of an underlying illness or digestive problem, such as food poisoning, parasites, or acid reflux. Learn how to prevent and treat sulfur burps with home remedies and when to see a doctor. A typical cause of sulfur burps is a digestive concern. Conditions, including irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), might cause gas from the stomach to rise up as burps and stomach heartburn. Causes Sulfur Burps and Diarrhea. Following are a few of the possible causes of burps with diarrhea: For about 3 years now, since I moved to my mothers house out in another county of my state, I have been experiencing the most horrible stomach pains.. Gas.. Bloating.. Constipation and will have egg burps that sometimes lead to me vomiting from simply being overwhelmed by the smell.. It seems to be triggered by foods.Jan 12, 2022 · Having frequent sulfur burps are attributed to the production of hydrogen sulfide in your digestive tract. Many times this is caused by eating too much protein foods that contain sulfur. One type of diet that may cause sulfur burps is a high meat diet. During the digestion process the friendly bacteria that is found in your intestine promotes ... Sulfur Burps and Diarrhea: Signs of Infection. Diarrhea accompanying these pungent burps is indicative of gastrointestinal infection. Species of bacteria such as Heliobacter Pylori (H. Pylori) live in the stomachs of a large proportion of the world’s population. However, they can multiply in large numbers and cause inflammation of the stomach ...Heartburn. Nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. In rare cases, having farts that smell like rotten eggs can be a sign of serious conditions, Josovitz says, including: Inflammatory bowel disease. Colon ...Sep 25, 2023 ... 81 Likes, 61 Comments. TikTok video from Momay2008 (@momay2008): “Are you sick of sulfur burps and diarrhea like me? My besties nowadays are ...Home. Health A to Z. Giardiasis is a tummy bug that causes symptoms like diarrhoea, farting and bloating. It usually goes away in about a week if it's treated, but it can …Aug 20, 2023 ... A: Sulfur burps can be caused by the production of hydrogen sulfide gas in the stomach. Semaglutide's influence on gut motility and bacterial ...Gastrointestinal Side Effects: Nausea, Diarrhea, Vomiting, Abdominal Pain, and Constipation. These uncomfortable tummy troubles make up Ozempic’s most common and most discussed side effects by ...Diarrhea in dogs can be a worrying symptom for pet owners, and it is important to take steps to treat it as soon as possible. While there are prescription medications available fro...This can cause gastric problems, heart-burn, bloating sensation in the upper abdomen and sulfur burps. Another reason is through a parasite called Giardia found in water bodies. This is a parasite and causes people to have sulfur burps. The parasite can lead to the development of ulcers, abdominal cramps, diarrhea and vomiting.Mounjaro sulfur burps are characterized by foul-smelling burps that resemble the odor of rotten eggs. Dietary factors, gastrointestinal infections, GERD, and digestive disorders can contribute to mounjaro sulfur burps. In addition to sulfur burps, symptoms may include abdominal discomfort, nausea, bloating, and diarrhea.Common side effects of Wegovy ® may include nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, constipation, stomach (abdomen) pain, headache, tiredness (fatigue), upset stomach, dizziness, feeling bloated, belching, low blood sugar in people with type 2 diabetes, gas, stomach flu, heartburn, and runny nose or sore throat. Talk to your health care provider about any …Apr 6, 2024 · Switch to water or tea while eating, instead of drinking something carbonated, to cut down on burping. 3. Cut simple sugars and simple carbs out of your diet. Sugars and simple carbs can feed bad bacteria and fungus in your digestive system. This can cause multiple symptoms, including sulfur burps. The causes of sulfur burps and diarrhea often overlap. They include: Diet: High amounts of sugar, alcohol, or foods rich in sulfur like eggs, meat, or dairy can trigger these symptoms. Gastrointestinal infections: Bacteria like Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) or conditions such as giardiasis can cause both symptoms.Sulphur burps, also known as rotten egg burps, are burps that have a strong, foul-smelling odor similar to rotten eggs. The smell is caused by the presence of hydrogen sulfide gas in the digestive system. While occasional sulphur burps may not be a cause for concern, persistent or frequent burping accompanied by other symptoms may indicate an ... While burps are caused by the collection of odorless gas, sulfur burps are stronger as it contains hydrogen sulfide gas which can be triggered by various factors, including your diet and pre-existing medical conditions. Various gallbladder complications such as gall stones and gallbladder attacks can lead to symptoms of excessive sulfur burps. Certain disorders, infections, and surgical procedures can cause malabsorption. · Malabsorption causes diarrhea, weight loss, and bulky, foul-smelling stools.Sulfur burps and diarrhea can be caused by various factors, including food poisoning, gastroenteritis, and intestinal infections. The symptoms may include excessive burping with a rotten egg smell, loose stools, abdominal pain, and flatulence.The most common adverse reactions reported in 5% of patients or greater treated with this drug included nausea, diarrhea, decreased appetite, vomiting, constipation, dyspepsia, and abdominal pain. Cardiovascular. Very common (10% or more): Sinus tachycardia (up to 23%) Frequency not reported: Increased heart rate The diarrhea is watery and uncomfortable. The diarrhea is a symptom of a major underlying condition. Intestinal infections, GERD, irritable bowel syndrome, celiac disease are the conditions likely to cause sulfur burps accompanied with diarrhea. The problem is usually with the digestive system. You may need to treat your symptoms to get relief ... Some of the common foods that can cause sulfur burps include: Protein-rich foods like chicken, beef, or fish. Dairy products like whole milk and cheese. Eggs. Vegetables like broccoli, brussels ...The exact cause of sulfur burps on Wegovy is not fully understood. However, it is believed to be related to the medication's effect on the digestive system. Semaglutide may alter the gut microbiota, leading to an overgrowth of sulfur- producing bacteria. This can result in the production of hydrogen sulfide gas, causing sulfur burps.The most common virus that causes stomach flu is norovirus, which contributes to 19–21 million cases of stomach flu each year. People at an elevated risk include: infants and young children ...Sulphur Burps. The rotten egg smell of sulphur burps is hydrogen sulphide gas from something you ate or a gut condition or infection. Some vegetables contain sulphur compounds, and gut bacteria produce hydrogen sulphide when helping you to digest them. The NHS lists cabbage and onions among the vegetables that lead to the production of …HO. honuhonu 9 July 2023. So glad this post exists! This is my 2nd time having excessive egg burps and diarrhea. I was on the low dose for 3 weeks and only had some diarrhea after a fatty meal maybe and some cold sweats. The first 3 weeks didn't do much for my A1C or appetite so my Dr increased the dosage to 1.5.Zepbound (tirzepatide) is a prescription drug that’s used for weight loss in certain people. Zepbound can cause side effects that range from mild to serious. Examples include nausea, diarrhea ...Causes of sulfur burps and farts. Different factors and conditions could lead to this condition. Some of the most common causes of sulfur farts and burps are: 1. Food poisoning. The bacterium known to cause diarrhea and burps in humans resides in the intestines of infected or healthy people, as well as animals such as pets, poultry, and cattle.There are actually plenty of reasons why you might burp up foul-smelling gas, including: Eating sulfur-rich foods. H. pylori infection. Irritable bowel syndrome …When your burps smell like rotten eggs and diarrhea happens, this could be because you've been using prescription medications for too long, especially if your medication contains sulfur. 3. The Wrong Food. What you eat will have an impact on your burps. Eating heavy meals that contain sugar and protein may cause foul-smelling burps.Some of the most common side effects of Tirzepatide include nausea, loss of appetite, vomiting, upset stomach, constipation, and diarrhea. Around 13-16% of people might experience diarrhea. If this happens, avoid fatty foods, sugar, sweeteners, and alcohol. Instead, opt for a fresh diet, low in sugars and with adequate water intake.There are three “flavors” of constipation, she adds. Chronic idiopathic constipation is “your run-of-the-mill constipation from not eating enough fiber, drinking enough water, or moving around enough,” she says. “We can overcome this simply by adding more fiber into your diet and maybe using Miralax.”. Slow transit constipation is ...Apr 8, 2024 · Mounjaro sulfur burps occur due to the presence of hydrogen sulfide gas in the digestive system. This can produce a “sulfuric” odor that resembles rotten eggs. Many patients report sulfur burps as a side effect after starting on Mounjaro, an injectable medication prescribed for type 2 diabetes ( 1 ). Mounjaro’s active ingredient ... If you are experiencing sulfur burps while taking Mounjaro, there are a few things you can do to manage this side effect. Here are some tips on how to alleviate Mounjaro sulfur burps: ‍Be wary of triggering foods: Certain foods exacerbate GI distress, especially if they are difficult to digest, cause excess gas, or are high in sulfides and sulfur-containing …

1. Dull, Burning Pain. This is the most common symptom of a stomach ulcer. Typically, this pain occurs at night or between meals, when your stomach is empty. Food, liquids and antacids can often temporarily relieve this pain. It can come and go, and it can last anywhere from a few minutes to a few hours. 2.. Philippine consulate general in san francisco photos

what causes sulfur burps and diarrhea

"Sulfur burps occur when the digestive tract creates a type of gas called hydrogen sulfide," Niket Sonpal, MD, a New York City-based internist and …If you're experiencing Mounjaro sulfur burps, there are several treatment options available: * Dietary changes: Avoiding sulfur-rich foods and incorporating more fiber-rich foods into your diet can help reduce the production of hydrogen sulfide gas in the digestive system. * Probiotics: Taking probiotic supplements or consuming probiotic-rich ...It will cause sulfur burps, bloated abdomen, diarrhea, and bad gas passing. It needs prescription medication,and not being treated promptly can cause dehydration. H. Pylori: This is a bacterial infection of the stomach that can cause gastritis and even ulcers. It is accompanied by bloating and heartburn.Possible Reasons for Sulfur Burps Caused by Ozempic. There are several potential reasons why Ozempic may cause sulfur burps. These include: Delayed gastric emptying : Ozempic can slow down the emptying of the stomach, leading to the fermentation of food and the production of hydrogen sulfide gas. Changes in gut bacteria : Ozempic may alter the ...Nov 17, 2023 · Diarrhea and rotten-egg burps could also be linked to stress, Dr. Barrett says. Stress can set off esophageal spams and intestinal spasms that result in reflux, as well as an upset stomach, nausea or diarrhea, he says. However, it is best to be evaluated first before assuming that the underlying cause is stress. Millions of tons of sulfur dioxide are needed for global temperatures to drop, based on other massive volcanic eruptions in the past. On Sunday (Jan. 12), the Taal volcano in the P...Dietary habits. Temporary foul-smelling stools may be caused by eating certain foods. In particular, foods that are rich in sulfates may lead to stools that smell like rotten eggs. These foods may ...Common semaglutide (Wegovy, Ozempic, Rybelsus) side effects include nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach pain. Fatigue, constipation, and headaches are also possible. Most digestion-related side effects improve over time as your body gets used to the medication. More severe semaglutide side effects, such as pancreatitis, …Diarrhea. Abdominal pain. Constipation. Understanding the interaction between Ozempic and digestive enzymes is crucial for managing these side effects. Incorporating FODMAP digestive enzymes into one's diet may help alleviate some of the discomfort associated with sulphur burps and other digestive issues.sulphur burps can be the result of foods not breaking down properly in the intestines of people with digestive disorders (like celiac). that was one of my first initial symptoms. it's so awful. i very very rarely get them since going gluten free. anyway, here's a link to an article that explains some of the causes of sulphur burps:numbness and tingling around the mouth, fingertips, or feet. painful or difficult urination. pains in the stomach, side, or abdomen, possibly radiating to the back. pale skin. puffiness or swelling of the eyelids or around the eyes, face, lips, or tongue. red skin lesions, often with a purple center.Diarrhea and rotten-egg burps could also be linked to stress, Dr. Barrett says. Stress can set off esophageal spams and intestinal spasms that result in reflux, as well as an upset stomach, nausea or diarrhea, he says. However, it is best to be evaluated first before assuming that the underlying cause is stress.Eating Manuka Honey. Manuka honey is known to have antimicrobial properties and is used as a home remedy to treat gastrointestinal issues. It may also help in killing bacteria like E.Coli and Salmonella that cause digestive issues. Having a spoonful of manuka honey may help prevent sulfur burps ( 9 ). Baking Soda.Methylsulfonylmethane, sometimes referred to as organic sulfur, can cause nausea, diarrhea and headaches, according to Drugs.com. Some individuals experience severe allergic reacti...Specific causes of sulfur burps. Sulfur burps can be caused by many conditions including stress, reflux, irritable bowel syndrome , and bacterial infections like H. pylori. Certain foods can also cause sulfur burps such as broccoli, brussel sprouts, cauliflower, garlic, dairy products, milk, and beer. How to prevent sulfur burps. The best …Frequent foul-smelling burping can also be a sign of this. Since gastroparesis is common in diabetics, you can imagine that when you add Trulicity on top of already delayed stomach emptying, the symptoms can be quite severe. Since slow stomach emptying can cause one to feel full, this can also cause a decreased appetite and …May 1, 2023 · Sulfur burps are burps that have a rotten egg smell. They can be caused by eating or drinking foods high in sulfur, such as eggs, cheese, or milk. They can also be a sign of an underlying illness or digestive problem, such as food poisoning, parasites, or acid reflux. Learn how to prevent and treat sulfur burps with home remedies and when to see a doctor. Malabsorption of bile salts, which can result from certain disorders, can cause diarrhea by stimulating water and electrolyte secretion; the stools have a green ...Method 3: Drink 1 glass of lime or lemon juice mixed with warm water on an empty stomach each morning for sulfur burp relief. 4. Baking Soda. Baking soda, aka sodium bicarbonate, is not only a common household substance but also an excellent ingredient used to treat a number of health conditions.There are actually plenty of reasons why you might burp up foul-smelling gas, including: Eating sulfur-rich foods. H. pylori infection. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) Parasite infection. Let’s break each of these causes down..

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